ABSTRACT
Background: The failure of the fetus to reach its genetically predetermined growth potential of sonographic estimated fetal weight (EFW) below 10th percentile for gestational age is called IUGR. This common clinical sign is fetal hypoxaemia. Therefore the challenge is to distinguish the constitutionally small but healthy fetus (Physiologically small) from pathologically small growth restricted fetus. Our objective is to study the fetal outcome in relation to Doppler study of middle cerebral artery and umbilical artery in intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR). Methods: The prospective study was conducted on 100 patients with suspected Intrauterine growth restriction. The subjects were evaluated by middle cerebral artery and umbilical artery velocimetries. Since no treatment is of any help to IUGR fetuses, the main stay of treatment still remains the timely delivery. Results: Mothers with abnormal velocimetries undergone more no of C-sections compared with mothers with normal velocimetries. Growth restricted fetuses with abnormal velocimetry in terms of APGAR score are more at risk of poor outcome. The average birth weight of neonates with abnormal Doppler study was lower when compared with neonates with normal velocimetry. Conclusion: With the Colour Doppler, the study of middle cerebral artery flow along with umbilical artery flows was useful in identifying IUGR and managing them in an appropriate way.
ABSTRACT
Background: Chronic ankle sprain due to “sprained ankle syndrome” may be particularly troublesome. Some causes of chronic ankle instability may be symptomatic insufficiency of pathologic laxity, arthro-kinematic changes, degenerative changes, decrease of proprioception and inadequate neuromuscular control. This study was conducted to review our experience with footwear correction of chronic ankle sprains of grade 2 and 3. Methods: Ankles of 280 patients, who had chronic ankle sprains grade 2, grade 3 were considered in this study, to assess results of non-operate treatment. Diagnosis was made with history of pain, swelling on walking, clinical findings of swelling, tenderness on antero-lateral aspect of lateral malleolus. All patients were given 3 days of anti-inflammatories, analgesics and footwear modifications. Later patients were advised exercise program. Results: Out of 280 patients, who were regularly followed, 92% people had relief, 3.4% of patients continued footwear as they had associated symptoms, 3.9% of patient continued to have pain maybe obscure or not following doctor orders. Conclusion: The study concludes that lateral elevated foot wear made of micro cellular rubber of 0.75 cm is the choice of treatment for grade 2 and 3 ankle sprains. This foot wear helps in biomechanical correction from varus and also decreases symptoms and signs. Cosmetically acceptable.